“Network” industries such as electricity, air transport, telecommunication, freight rail, and internet services face a challenge with their competing flow and grid components. Flows are the power, messaging, trains, airplanes and travelers; grids are the lines, tracks, airports and highways are the grids.
The operating and investment decisions of the flow and grid are best coordinated closely. For example, the decision to expand railways depends on profitability and sufficient additional freight traffic. The addition of new high-capacity DC electrical grid components…









